Interesting things to note after 2-3 years :D
Anatomy and physiology are mostly about memorisation.
This knowledge is easily available on Google.
If you are preparing for exams, a tip is to pay attention to the bolded words in the lecture notes.
The fun factor for this module is to be able to see the cadavers and you can get to see and touch those organs. Now I know how big is the liver and how small are the kidneys.
Now, this module has changed to NUR1123 Anatomy, Physiology, and Physical Assessment I to include physical assessments.
Week 1
Systemic anatomy- the study of structures
Surface anatomy- the study of the internal structure
Radiographic anatomy- X-ray
Pathological anatomy- structural changes caused by disease
Week 2
The liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and salivary glands are accessory organs of the digestive system.
The abdominal cavity is made up of the peritoneum, mesenteries, and peritoneal cavity.
Basic structures of the Alimentary canal are mucosa, submucosa, muscularis external and serosa.
The tongue is a skeletal muscle.
Mucous neck cells produce mucus in the stomach as a mechanical barrier.
Food that leaves the stomach is called chyme.
Chief cells produce pepsinogen and parietal cells produce HCl.
Hastrum is the pocket-like sac of the large intestine.
The pectinate line marks the end of the rectum.
Bile secreted by hepatocytes drains into the common hepatic duct.
Kupffer cells are innate immune cells that protect the liver by engulfing particles.
The pancreas is posterior to the stomach, projects to the left, and is a retroperitoneal organ.
Hepatic portal circulation drains venous blood from the gall bladder, stomach, pancreas, large intestine, small intestine through the hepatic portal vein.
Week 3
GIT is regulated by the cephalic reflexes, Enteric nervous system and GI peptides e.g. gastrin, CCK, Secretin
Peristalsis and segmentation are two motility patterns in the GI tract.
Uvula and larynx rise to prevent food from entering respiratory passageways and the tongue blocks the mouth.
Vomiting can cause dehydration, acid-base imbalance, and electrolyte loss.
Voluntary motor neurons are inhibited to allow the external anal sphincter to relax so feces can pass.
How you know that you need to shit? Stretch receptors would send signals to signal cord neurons.
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase, and brush border enzymes break down carbohydrates.
Pepsin in the stomach, pancreatic enzymes, and brush border enzymes break down protein.
Bile salts and pancreatic lipases break down unemulsified fats to yield free fatty acids and monoglycerides.
Week 4
Essential fatty acids must be ingested into the diet- Omega 3 fatty acid, omega 6 fatty acid
Ketogenesis occurs due to incomplete B oxidation
Starvation can lead to ketosis which can cause fruity rapid breath and blood carbonic acid
Week 5
Cartilage has no blood supply and no nerve fibres while bones have.
Hyaline cartilages are nasal cartilage, costal cartilage, and respiratory tube cartilage. To resist compressive stress.
Elastic cartilages are external ear and epiglottis. For great flexibility.
Fibrocartilages are intervertebral disc and meniscus. To absorb compressive shock.
Bone shapes are long, flat, short, and irregular.
There are 206 bones in the body belonging to the axial or appendicular group.
Skulls bones are frontal, parietal, nasal, maxilla, sphenoid, temporal, occipital, zygomatic, and mandible.
Upper arm-Humerus
Lower arm-Radius and Ulna
Thigh-Femur (osteoporosis weakens the neck of the femur->fracture->broken hip)
Knee-Patella
Lower leg-Tibia and fibula
Tendons and ligaments attach to the periosteum while the endosteum is the inner lining.
Compact bone and spongy bone as part of the skull.
Osteogenic cells(repairs), osteoblast(forms), osteocyte(maintains matrix), osteoclast(bone resorption) are the four different types of bone cells.
Ligaments, rich nerve and blood vessel supply, articular discs, bursae, tendon sheath are features of a synovial joint.
Joints are at shoulder, radioulnar, wrist, carpometacarpal, hip, knee, ankle.
Week 6
Myofilament->Sacromere->Myofibril->Muscle fiber->Fascicle->Muscle
Levator and coccygeus are muscles of the pelvic diagram.
Week 7
The right kidney (T12-L3) is lower than the left kidney (T11-L2-3).
Urine flow->Nephron->Calyx->Renal pelvis->Ureter->Bladder
Cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephrons are the two classes of nephrons.
The glomerulus is a ball of fenestrated capillaries specialized for filtration.
Peritubular capillaries adapted for absorption while vasa recta form concentrated urine.
Juxtaglomerular apparatus regulates filtrate formation and blood pressure.
There are 3 layers of the bladder wall: transitional epithelial, thick detrusor muscle, fibrous adventitia
The male urethra has three main regions: prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra.
Urine consists of 95% water, solutes, urea, uric acid, creatinine.
Urochrome causes the yellow color of urine.
Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion, micturition are processes in the urinary system.
Glomerular capillary BP favors filtration, plasma-colloid osmotic pressure opposes filtration, bowman's capsule hydrostatic pressure opposes filtration. Net filtration pressure: 10mmHg
Angiotensin II is a vasoconstrictor that also increases sodium reabsorption.
Week 8
After the skull, Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater form the meninges.
CSF (150ml) is produced by the choroid plexus and flows through the ventricles, SA space, central canal to act as a filtrate containing glucose, oxygen, vitamins, and ions.
Glucose, essential amino acids, and electrolytes pass through the blood-brain barrier.
Diencephalon
a. Thalamus function: relay sensory impulses, memory processing
b. Hypothalamus function: body's homeostasis, emotional response, regulate body temperature, thirst, olfactory relay
Epithalamus function: melatonin-regulate sleep-wake cycles
Basal nuclei: cognition and emotion
Broca's area: motor speech
The lumbar puncture needle enters the subarachnoid space at the L3-L4 level to obtain CSF.
Week 9
olfactory nerve I sensory smell
optic nerve II sensory vision
oculomotor III motor, ps fibers
trochlear IV motor
trigeminal V sensory, motor
abducens VI motor
facial VII sensory taste, motor, ps fibers
vestibulocochlear VIII sensory hearing and balance
glossopharyngeal IX sensory taste, motor, ps fibers
vagus nerve X sensory taste, motor, ps fibers
accessory nerve XI motor
hypoglossal nerve XII motor
Cervical nerves C1-C8
Thoracic nerves T1-T12
Lumbar nerves L1-L5
Sacral nerves S1-S5
Coccygeal nerve Co1
Nerve Plexus-innervate skin and muscles
1. Cervical plexus
Phrenic nerve C3,4 serve skin of the shoulder and clavicular region
Supraclavicular nerve C3,4 serve diaphragm
2. Brachial plexus serve upper limb
Axillary nerve
Radial nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
3. Lumbar plexus
Femoral nerve
Obturator nerve
Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve
iliohypogastric nerve
illioinguinal nerve
genitofemoral nerve
4. Sacral plexus
sciatic nerve
superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
posterior femoral cutanous nerve
pudenal nerve
Week 11
sympathetic division-thoracolumbar-fight or flight
parasympathetic division-craniosacral-rest and repose
Autonomic plexuses
cardiac plexus
pulmonary plexus
esophageal plexus
celiac plexus
inferior mesenteric plexus
hypogastric plexus
Adrenal medulla stimulates medulla cells to secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine.
Module difficulty: 3/5 because lots of memorisation but if you are a person who can memorise well, then this could be the right module for you
Workload: lectures, lab, and tutorial
My module grade: A-
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